Fuel+Oil,+Gasoline,+and+Diesel

By. Sophie Ch., Gavin, Sam, Jonny =Topic:= Fuel oil, gasoline, and diesel fuel are all substances that are the we are overly dependent on. Everyday people are breathing in toxic fumes from vehicles. Pollutants from these substances are the main causes to our global warming and are also what we call smog, clouding up our skies. The pollutants can travel through the smog. Fuel Oil is used in homes worldwide for heating. Gasoline is used to fill up our vehicles and is burned in order to travel. Diesel Oil is also used in vehicles but is mainly used for trucks. =General Information toc= = =

DEFINITIONS:
//Fuel Oil:// an oil that is used for fuel and that usually has a higher flash point than kerosene (Merriam Webster Dictionary) //Gasoline:// a volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel especially for internal combustion and usually blended  from several products of natural gas and petroleum (Merriam Webster Dictionary) //Diesel Oil:// a heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Oil in general:
"Oil is the raw material that makes possible the functioning of nearly every component of the US economy, directly or indirectly. It provides 40 percent of the nation’s power supply—far more than any other source. Oil powers our industries, heats our buildings, and provides the raw material for plastics, paints, textiles, and other materials. But it is in transportation that oil is most essential: **Oil provides 97 percent of the fuel used by America’s enormous fleet of trucks, trains, planes, ships, buses and cars.** We have staked our entire way of life on a non-renewable resource that may be largely exhausted within the next 30 years. Even before we run out of oil, our gas-guzzling lifestyle erodes our national security, destroys the environment, and makes us very vulnerable to fluctuating oil prices." [|Oil]

General Stakeholders (directly affected):
[]
 * Wildlife/environment
 * Car drivers/any vehicle that runs on any of these oils
 * People working in the oil businesses
 * Oil Companies
 * Government
 * Countries w/high or low amounts of oil
 * Enviromental Groups

Tax Incentives:
In the oil industry the government grants companies large tax breaks as an incentive to do their work. These tax breaks allow them to keep the prices lower for Americans and the oil industry creats about 9.2 million jobs a year. Their tax percentage is about 9% and the overall tax percentage for businesses is 25%. This allows us to lower our independence on foreign oil as well. An example is in 2008 the oil company BP was taking large tax deductions from leasing a drill.They wrote off 70% of their rent which equalled a deduction of $225,000 a day.

Economic benefits: Oil industries make it possible to develope economies by being required to give money to local communites through the sound macroeconomic management. ([]) Economic Liabilities: drilling, or rather the lack of drilling may cause the price of gas to continue to increase even further.

Political Benefits: Builds alliances between countries with whom we import oil. Also forces U.S to be more self reliant as to keep power within U.S. and not give other countries power over U.S. by holding all of the oil. ([|good] [|U.S. Dependency on foreign Oil] Political Liabilities: WIth all the oil we import gives power to countries not in allies with United states; therefore, allowing them to cut off our oil consumption and gain multitudes of power over us if we were to go to war.

Technological Benefits: Natural gas appliances are virtually maintenance-free and that means additional savings. When the entire cycle of producing, processing, transporting and using energy is considered, natural gas is delivered to you with a "total energy efficiency" of about 90%. Moreover, gas appliances and equipment are extremely efficient. http://www.oru.com/energyandsafety/naturalgas/benefits.html Technological Liabilities: >
 * It's efficient...**
 * when they fail to exercise reasonable care in accordance with the danger that can be reasonably anticipated by a prudent person; and
 * when they negligently fill the tank of their customers in a manner so as to allow an escape of the dangerous substance. http://energylaw.uslegal.com/

=Diesel Fuel=

[] "rules and regulations on the use of diesel on the road being used in large trucks and on its off the road uses. establishes a single comprehensive national control program that regulates the heavy-duty vehicle and its fuel as a single system. The sulfur standards for highway diesel fuel took effect starting in 2006. The emissions standards for heavy-duty vehicles took effect starting in 2007."

Nonroad Diesel Rule
"EPA established a comprehensive national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines by integrating engine and fuel controls as a system to gain the greatest emission reductions."

[]

{[]}

**Pros**

 * Lower cost, because of less marketing
 * Contamination tolerance

**Cons**

 * Only comes in hevier viscosities
 * Not always readily avalible
 * Hash on the enviorment
 * Sometimes only comes by the gallon
 * Horsepower TV: Will cause engine to sludge

Fuel Oil

Environmental effects of Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel:
[|wisconsin=fuel oil] [|Gasoline impacts on Human Health and the Enviroment] Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel are all toxic fuels used by humans to empower most of the many machines we use for transportation, heating, and cooking, Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel though productive are very toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel when breathed in can cause nose and throat irratation, headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion and breathing troubles. If Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel are consumed through the mouth it is known to cause throat and stomach irritation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headaches. When in contact with exposed skin Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel cause rashes, redness, and swelling. At very high levels certain chemicals in the Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel such as benzene are known to cause cancer. Although no regulations exist for the amount of Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel in water, there are regulations on some of their some of their components such as benzene whose MCL(Maximum Contaminant Level) is 1ppb, xylene whose MCL is 10 ppm, and toluene whose MCL is 1ppm.

Gasoline Effects on the Enviroment: Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel can be released into the environment through leaks in the tanks holding the Gasoline, Fuel Oil, or Diesel. Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel can be released into the soil contaminating the soil, and the aquifier below area of spill. This sort of spill can also effect surface water in the area. Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel can also enter the environment through underground storage tanks or pipelines that leak their contents into the soil of the area, contaminating the area around the pipe or tank. Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel may be dispersed into the air when oil tanker trucks are filled and emptied of Gasoline, Fuel Oil, or Diesel.The Gasoline, Fuel Oil, or Diesel that enters the environment can ruin ecosystems for it is toxic for the animals living in the area of the spill. Due to the fact that it is easy for the animals to consume the Gasoline, Fuel Oil, or Diesel in the water they drink and bath in, they may also come in contact with it by just living around soil highly contaminated with Gasoline, Fuel Oil, and Diesel.

[] FUEL OIL IN ECONOMY PAST 12 YEARS

[|www.eere.energy.gov] ~ This chart is saying whether people believe it is a a problem or not to have diesel fueled vehicles. Many people believe it isnt a problem. But diesel is very TOXIC.

=Gasoline=
 * Benzene is a very toxic and is found in gasoline

[|Pollution and the effect on the environment]

=Solutions:= A potential solution to gasoline would be reformulated gasoline (RFG). Reformulated gasoline is gasoline that is created to burn more clearly and reduce smog and toxic pollutants. RFG is required in cities with high smog levels but is optional everywhere else. []
 * about the reformulated gasoline (RFG) which is a solution to solving gasoline problems (temporarily)

[]
 * More than a century and a half after its discovery, oil continues to play an essential role in the global economy, despite fears that reliance on petroleum is fueling rapid climate change. Over the last decade, the price of oil has taken a roller coaster ride, usually in a cyclical pattern that is in sync with the global economy. A strong economy tends to increase the demand for oil and drive up the price, while a weak economy generally has the opposite effect.
 * As a rule of thumb, economists say a $10 decline in the price of a barrel of oil increases economic growth 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points, helping many businesses dependent on oil, like airlines and makers of plastics and fertilizers. But the opposite is true as well, and the surge in gas prices in 2012 raised fears that it might damage the still-vulnerable economic recovery.
 * Oil consumption has dropped more than 5 percent since 2005, while [|natural gas] use has risen 10 percent.

=‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Alternative Fuels: ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍= [|Natural gas] is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
 * "[|Ethanol] is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
 * [[image:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/images/biodiesel_logo.gif width="100" height="28" caption="Biodiesel Logo" link="http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/biodiesel.shtml"]][|Biodiesel] is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
 * [[image:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/images/cng_logo.gif width="97" height="53" caption="CNG Logo" link="http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/bifueltech.shtml"]]

[|Propane], also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
 * [[image:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/images/propane_logo.gif width="100" height="28" caption="CNG Logo" link="http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/lpg.shtml"]]

[|Hydrogen] can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants." These alternative sources will help the U.S. to reduce its dependence on foreign imported oil []
 * [[image:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/images/hydrogen_logo.gif width="100" height="72" caption="DOE Hydrogen Program Logo" link="http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hydrogen.shtml"]]

[|www.eere.energy.gov/]

**Articles** [] "On March 24, 1989, the //Exxon Valdez// ran aground in northern Prince William Sound, spilling 42 million liters of crude oil and contaminating 1,990 kilometers of shoreline. Some 2,000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals and about 250,000 seabirds died in the days immediately following the spill. Now researchers writing in the journal //Science//caution that more than a decade later, a significant amount of oil still persists and the long-term impacts of oil spills may be more devastating than previously thought." [] NPR "But while there's a lot of uncertainty about the effects of the thousands of chemicals in crude oil on physical health, there's plenty of evidence about the toll it takes on mental health. Dr. Howard Osofsky of Louisiana State University says people in the area are already showing the stresses and strains of living with the effects of the spill on their livelihoods and their way of life. It's true, Barnhart says, that cleanup workers exposed to crude oil often suffer acute effects — stinging eyes, rashes, nausea, dizziness, headaches, coughs and other respiratory symptoms." Osofsky says. "We're seeing already an increase in suspiciousness, arguing, domestic violence. We're having reports from drug courts. We're already having reports of increased drinking, anxiety, anger and avoidance." This is entirely consistent with what happened in 1989 when the Exxon Valdez tanker ran aground in Alaska. Lawrence Palinkas of the University of Southern California studied the aftereffects of that disaster on 22 communities in Alaska. He says the costs were incalculable."

media type="youtube" key="uO9O72_XpH0" height="314" width="523"media type="youtube" key="1su_jyp1eWw" height="315" width="420" ~ Youtube videos, on the effects of oil/oil spills in the environments